Research and Publications

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=90 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000" background="11ba45a3.jpg"> <div> <FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><B>Radiation Dosimetry Laboratory - Oklahoma State University</B></FONT><B>    </B><B> |     </B><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Radiation Dosimetry Laboratory Oklahoma"><U><B>home</B></U></A></div> <div> back to  <A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Radiation Dosimetry Laboratory Oklahoma"><U><B>Radiation Dosimetry Laboratory - Oklahoma State University</B></U></A></div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=210 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000" background="11cd2b03.jpg"> <div> <A HREF="id29.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Future students"><U>Future students</U></A></div> <div> <B>Research and Publications</B></div> <div> <A HREF="id20.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Research group"><U>Research group</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id32.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Facilities and equipment"><U>Facilities and equipment</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id35.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="2009 ProCure Internship"><U>2009 ProCure Internship</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id19.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Photo album"><U>Photo album</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id33.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Data and theses"><U>Data and theses</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id34.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="For members"><U>For members</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id31.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Links"><U>Links</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id28.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Contact Us"><U>Contact Us</U></A></div> <bR> </td> <td valign="top" height=390 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> Here we describe some of our areas of interest. Relevant publications of the group are presented for each area. The papers can be downloaded, but for copyright protection they will require a password to be opened. I will be glad to send you the password - just e-mail me at <A HREF="mailto:eduardo.yukihara@okstate.edu" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:eduardo.yukihara@okstate.edu"><U>eduardo.yukihara@okstate.edu</U></A>.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>OSL dosimetry</B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="13f90040.png" border=0 width="400" height="260" ALIGN="RIGHT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeters (OSLDs) are now well-established in personal dosimetry, having been already used commercially for almost a decade. The operation principle is identical to the well-known Thermoluminescence Dosimeters (TLDs), except that the readout is performed by controlled illumination of the dosimeter instead of by heating. The appeal of the OSL technique, at least in personal dosimetry, stems from the high sensitivity of carbon-doped aluminium oxide (Al2O3:C), the rapid and well controlled optical readout, and the possibility of re-estimating the absorbed dose.</div> <bR> <div> The Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) technique itself has been used for estimation of the environmental dose using naturally occurring minerals in luminescence dating since first proposed by Huntley et al. [1]. The application of OSL in luminescence dating and retrospective dosimetry led to the development of readers capable of automatically carrying out OSL measurements on large numbers of samples [2] and helped promote the technique. The introduction of carbon-doped aluminum oxide (Al2O3:C), initially suggested as a highly sensitive TL material [3], finally provided an OSL material with attractive characteristics for personal dosimetry. More sophisticated readout approaches that employ fast time discrimination to separate the OSL from the stimulation light - namely, the pulsed OSL (POSL) technique - was proposed to take advantage of the properties of Al2O3:C [4]. In 1998, the first commercial OSL dosimetry service based on Al2O3:C and the POSL technique (LuxelTM), was introduced by Landauer Inc. More recently, commercial readers specifically designed for dosimetry have become available [5, 6].</div> <bR> <div> Relevant publications of the group in this area are listed below.</div> <bR> <div> <I>Al2O3:C properties:</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">E. G. Yukihara* and S. W. S. McKeever. "Spectroscopy and Optically Stimulated Luminescence of Al2O3:C using time-resolved measurements". J. Appl. Phys. 100, 083512 (2006).  <a href="HTMLobj-327/Yukihara___McKeever__2006__J_Appl_Phys_100_083512.pdf"><u>Download PDF</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">E. G. Yukihara* and S. W. S. McKeever. "Ionization density dependence of the optically and thermally stimulated luminescence from Al2O3:C". (INVITED) Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 119, 206-217 (2006).  <a href="HTMLobj-328/Yukihara___McKeever__2006__Radiat_Prot_Dosim_119_206.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">S. W. S. McKeever*, M. W. Blair, E. Bulur, R. Gaza, R. Gaza, R. Kalchgruber, D. M. Klein, E. G. Yukihara. "Recent advances in dosimetry using the optically stimulated luminescence of Al2O3:C". Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 109, 269-276 (2004).  <a href="HTMLobj-329/McKeever_et_al__2004__Radiat_Prot_Dosim_109_269.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">E. G. Yukihara*, V. H. Whitley, S. W. S. McKeever, A. E. Akselrod, M. S. Akselrod. "Effect of high dose irradiation on the optically stimulated luminescence of Al2O3:C". Radiat. Meas. 38, 317-330 (2004). <a href="HTMLobj-330/Yukihara_et_al__2004__Radiat_Meas_38_317.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">E. G. Yukihara*, V. H. Whitley, J. C. Polf, D. M. Klein, S. W. S. McKeever, A. E. Akselrod, M. S. Akselrod. "The effects of deep trap population on the thermoluminescence of Al2O3:C". Radiat. Meas. 37, 627-368 (2003).  <a href="HTMLobj-331/Yukihara_et_al__2003__Radiat_Meas_37_627.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">S. W. S. McKeever, M. S. Akselrod, L. E. Colyott, N. Agersnap Larsen, J. C. Polf, and V. H. Whitley, "Characterisation of Al2O3 for use in thermally and optically stimulated luminescence dosimetry," Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 84 (1-4), 163-168 (1999).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">M. S. Akselrod, N. Agersnap Larsen, V. H. Whitley, and S. W. S. McKeever, "Thermal quenching of F-center luminescence in Al2O3:C," J. Appl. Phys. 84 (6), 3364-3373 (1998).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">M. S. Akselrod, A. C. Lucas, J. C. Polf, and S. W. S. Mckeever, "Optically stimulated luminescence of Al2O3," Radiat. Meas. 29, 391-399 (1998).  <a href="HTMLobj-365/Akselrod_et_al__1998__Radiat_Meas_29_391.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">S. W. S. McKeever, L. Bøtter-Jensen, N. Agersnap Larsen, and G. A. T. Duller, "Temperature dependence of OSL decay curves: experimental and theoretical aspects," Radiat. Meas. 27 (2), 161-170 (1997).</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>Pulsed Optically Stimulated Luminescence (POSL) technique:</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">M. S. Akselrod and S. W. S. McKeever, "A radiation dosimetry method using pulsed optically stimulated luminescence," Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 81, 167-176 (1999).  <a href="HTMLobj-367/Akselrod & McKeever (1999) Radiat Prot Dosim 81 167.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">S. W. S. McKeever and M. S. Akselrod, "Radiation dosimetry using pulsed optically stimulated luminescence of Al2O3:C," Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 84, 317-320 (1999).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">S. W. S. McKeever, M. S. Akselrod, and B. G. Markey, "Pulsed optically stimulated luminescence dosimetry using a-Al2O3:C," Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 65 (1-4), 267-272 (1996).</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I>Review and general OSL papers:</I></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">S. W. S. McKeever and M. Moscovitch, "On the advantages and disadvantages of optically stimulated luminescence dosimetry and thermoluminescence dosimetry," Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 104, 263-270 (2003). <a href="HTMLobj-362/McKeever___Moscovitch__2003__Radiat_Prot_dosim_104_263.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">S. W. S. McKeever, "Optically stimulated luminescence dosimetry," Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B 184, 29-54 (2001).  <a href="HTMLobj-363/McKeever__2001__Nucl._Instrum._Method._Phys._Res._B_184_29.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">S. W. S. McKeever, "New millenium frontiers of luminescence dosimetry," Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 100 (1-4), 27-32 (2002).</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Medical dosimetry</B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="1292cc70.jpg" border=0 width="300" height="199" ALIGN="RIGHT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The application of OSL in medicine is still incipient, but slowly increasing. For instance, the number of presentations on OSL at the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) annual meetings was two in 2005, three in 2006, and seven in 2007. Although these numbers are a narrow indicator of the research activity on medical applications of OSL, there is a noticeable increase in the number of papers and groups involved in OSL research. A few more in-depth investigations on the performance of OSLDs used as passive dosimeters in radiotherapy are now available [7-10]. Moreover, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) currently co-ordinates a research project to develop procedures for in-vivo dosimetry in radiotherapy which includes a comparison between the OSL and other established techniques and involves groups from different countries (IAEA CRP Number: E2.40.14) . The complete results from the IAEA study should be available soon. </div> <bR> <div> We investigated the performance of Al2O3:C OSLDs using a variety of photon and electron beam energies at different depths in a water phantom under different conditions of dose rate, temperature, and field size. The objective was to determine the accuracy and precision of the OSL measurements using the new methodology, as compared to ionization chamber used for calibration of the linear accelerators. We also investigated the dependence of the OSLDs on beam energy, dose rate, field size, and irradiation temperature within a radiation therapy operational setup.</div> <bR> <div> The results showed that, apart from errors introduced by positioning of the samples which will naturally affect the results in regions of high dose gradient, the OSL technique consistently gives results that are within ±1% of the values obtained with ionization chamber. In regions of high dose gradient for electron beams, the distance-to-agreement is of the order of 0.5 - 1.0 mm. Dose rate, field size, and temperature did not affect the OSL results by more than 1%.</div> <bR> <div> Regarding the beam energy/quality dependence for photon beams, the difference between the OSL response at 18 MV and the 6 MV photon beams is (0.51 ± 0.48)%. This result agrees with energy response investigation on Al2O3:C optical fibers by Aznar [11].</div> <bR> <div> Relevant publications of the group in this area are:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">E. G. Yukihara* and S. W. S. McKeever. "Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) Dosimetry in Medicine and Biology." (INVITED) Phys. Med. Biol. 53, R351-R379 (2008).  <a href="HTMLobj-332/Yukihara___McKeever__2008__Phys_Med_Biol_53_R351.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">E. G. Yukihara*, G. Mardirossian, M. Mirzasadeghi, S. Guduru, and S. Ahmad. "Evaluation of Al2O3:C Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dosimeters for passive dosimetry of high-energy photon and electron beams in radiotherapy". Med. Phys. 35(1), 260 - 269 (2008).  <a href="HTMLobj-333/Yukihara_et_al__2008__Med_Phys_35_260.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">R. Gaza and S. W. S. McKeever, "A real-time, high-resolution optical fibre dosemeter based on optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of KBr:Eu, for potential use during the radiotherapy of cancer," Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 120 (1-4), 14-19 (2006).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">M. S. Akselrod, L. Bøtter-Jensen and S. W. S. McKeever. "Optically Stimulated luminescence and its use in medical dosimetry". Radiat. Meas. 41, S78-S99 (2006).  <a href="HTMLobj-364/Akselrod_et_al__2007__Radiat_Meas_41_S78.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">E. G. Yukihara*, E. M. Yoshimura, G. Mardirossian, S. Ahmad, A. Movahed, K. K. Taylor. "High-precision dosimetry for radiotherapy using the Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) technique and thin Al2O3:C dosimeters". Phys. In Med. Biol. 50, 5619-5628 (2005).  <a href="HTMLobj-334/Yukihara_et_al__2005__Phys_Med_Biol_50_5619.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">R. Gaza, S. W. S. McKeever, and M. S. Akselrod, "Near-real-time radiotherapy dosimetry using optically stimulated luminescence of Al2O3:C: Mathematical models and preliminary results," Med. Phys. 32 (4), 1094-1102 (2005).</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Space dosimetry</B></div> <bR> <div> Because the technology lends itself to the development of compact, lightweight, low-power OSL readers,  which would meet the needs of in-flight dosimetry on the International Space Station or during missions to Mars, the use of OSLDs in space dosimetry has been suggested [12, 13]. Some of the first data on the response of Al2O3:C to heavy charged particles (HCPs) at energies relevant to space dosimetry [14-16] became available largely because of the InterComparison of Cosmic rays with Heavy Ion Beams at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS) (ICCHIBAN) project [17, 18]. Recently, Al2O3:C OSLDs have been used in various experiments on the International Space Station by the European Space Agency [19-21] and in National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) crew and area passive dosimeters [22, 23].</div> <bR> <div> Relevant publications of the group in this area are:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">G. Reitz*, T. Berger, P. Bilski, R. Facius, M. Hajek, V. Petrov, M. Puchalska, D. Zhou, J. Bossler, Y. Akatov, V. Shurshakov, P. Olko, M. Ptaskiewicz, R. Bergmann, M. Fugger, N. Vana, R. Beaujean, S. Burmeister, D. Bartlett, L. Hager, J. Pálfalvi, J. Szabó, D. O'Sullivan, H. Kitamura, Y. Uchihori, N. Yasuda, A. Nagamoto, H. Tawara, E. Benton, R. Gaza, S. McKeever, G. Sawakuchi, E. Yukihara, F. Cucinotta, E. Semones, N. Zapp, J. Miller, J. Dettmann. "Astronaut's organ doses as inferred from measurements in a human phantom outside the ISS". Radiat. Res. 171, 225-235 (2009).  <a href="HTMLobj-361/Reitz_et_al__2009__Radiat_Res_171_225.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">G. O. Sawakuchi*, E. G. Yukihara, S. W. S. McKeever, E. R. Benton, R. Gaza, Y. Uchihori, N. Yasuda, and H. Kitamura. "Relative optically stimulated luminescence and thermoluminescence efficiencies of Al2O3:C dosimeters to heavy charged particles with energies relevant to space and radiotherapy dosimetry". J. Appl. Phys. 104, 124903 (2008).  <a href="HTMLobj-335/Sawakuchi_et_al__2008__J_Appl_Phys_104_124903.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">G. O. Sawakuchi*, E. G. Yukihara, S. W. S. McKeever, and E. R. Benton. "Overlap of heavy charged particle tracks and the change in shape of optically stimulated luminescence curves of Al2O3:C dosimeters". Radiat. Meas. 43, 194-198 (2008).  <a href="HTMLobj-336/Sawakuchi_et_al__2008__Radiat_Meas_43_194.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">G. O. Sawakuchi*, E. G. Yukihara, S. W. S. McKeever, and E. R. Benton. "Optically stimulated luminescence fluence response of Al2O3:C exposed to different types of radiation". Radiat. Meas. 43, 450-454 (2008).  <a href="HTMLobj-337/Sawakuchi_et_al__2008__Radiat_Meas_43_450.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">F. Vanhavere*, J. L. Genicot, D. O'Sullivan, D. Zhou, F. Spurny, I. Jadrní?ková, G. O. Sawakuchi, and E. G. Yukihara. "Dosimetry of biological experiments in space (DOBIES) with luminescence (OSL and TL) and track etch detectors". Radiat. Meas. 43, 694-697 (2008). <a href="HTMLobj-338/Vanhavere__2008__Radiat_Meas_43_694.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">E. G. Yukihara*, G. O. Sawakuchi, S. Guduru, S. W. S. McKeever, R. Gaza, E. R. Benton, N. Yasuda, Y. Uchihori, and H. Kitamura. "Application of Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) technique in space dosimetry". Radiat. Meas. 41, 1126-1135 (2006).  <a href="HTMLobj-339/Yukihara_et_al__2006__Radiat_Meas_41_1126.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">R. Gaza*, E. G. Yukihara, S. W. S. McKeever. "The use of optically stimulated luminescence from Al2O3:C in the dosimetry of high-energy heavy charged particle fields". Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 120, 354-357 (2006).  <a href="HTMLobj-340/Gaza_et_al__2006b__Radiat_Prot_Dosim_120_354.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">R. Gaza, E. G. Yukihara, S. W. S. McKeever*, O. Ávila, A.E. Buefil, I. Gamboa-deBuen, M. Rodríguez-Villafuerte, C. Ruiz-Trejo, M. E. Brandan. Radiat. "Ionization density dependence of the optically stimulated luminescence dose response of Al2O3:C to low-energy charged particles". Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 119, 375-379 (2006).  <a href="HTMLobj-341/Gaza_et_al__2006__Radiat_Prot_Dosim_119_375.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">O. Goosens*, F. Vanhavere, N. Leys, P. De Boever, D. O'Sullivan, D. Zhou, F. Spurny, E. G. Yukihara, R. Gaza, S. W. S. McKeever. "Radiation dosimetry for microbial experiments in the International Space Station using different track-etch and luminescent detectors". Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 120, 433-437 (2006).  <a href="HTMLobj-342/Goossens_et_al__2006__Radiat_Prot_Dosim_120_433.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">R. Gaza*, E. G. Yukihara, S. W. S. McKeever. "The response of thermally and optically stimulated luminescence from Al2O3:C to high-energy heavy charged particles". Radiat. Meas. 38, 417-420 (2004).  <a href="HTMLobj-343/Gaza_et_al__2004__Radiat_Meas_38_417.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">E. G. Yukihara*, R. Gaza, S. W. S. McKeever, C. G. Soares. "Optically stimulated luminescence and thermoluminescence efficiencies for relativistic heavy charged particle irradiation in Al2O3:C". Radiat. Meas. 38, 59-70 (2004).  <a href="HTMLobj-344/Yukihara_et_al__2004__Radiat_Meas_38_59.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Proton dosimetry</B></div> <bR> <div> The main complication associated with the use of OSLDs and TLDs for space and HCP radiotherapy dosimetry is that OSL and TL response depends on the energy, charge, and mass of the incident particle. This is due to the microscopic pattern of energy deposition created by HCPs in a given material and the material's luminescence response to these microscopic energy deposition patterns. HCPs dissipate most of their energy when they collide with electrons of the material, causing excitation and ionization. Ionized electrons can acquire sufficient energy to travel large distances away from the primary HCP's trajectory. At short distances from the primary's trajectory, the localized dose can reach values of 106 Gy (1 Gy = 1 J/kg) or higher, and decrease approximately with the square of the radial distance from the primary's trajectory up to a range corresponding to the maximum energy transferable from an HCP to an electron [24-28].</div> <bR> <div> Thus, as an HCP passes through matter, it creates a spatial pattern of energy deposition around its path, known as the radial dose distribution, which is characteristic of the absorbing material and the incident HCP's charge and relativistic velocity . The luminescence response of the absorbing material is in turn affected by the radial dose distribution: in low-dose regions, the trapping centers responsible for the OSL/TL signal are far from saturation and the OSL/TL signal is proportional to the energy deposited, whereas, in high-dose regions closer to the HCP's trajectory, the trapping centers can become saturated and the OSL/TL signal can be lower than expected in the microscopic volume. The resultant OSL/TL signals are determined by the fluence of particles and a convolution of the dosimeter's luminescence response with each particle's radial dose distribution. The reduction in OSL/TL response with increasing LET has been observed for HCPs with energy relevant to space dosimetry in the most commonly used luminescence dosimeters, including LiF:Mg,Ti, LiF:Mg,Cu,P, and Al2O3:C dosimeters [14-16, 29-32].</div> <bR> <div> OSLDs have also been investigated for heavy charged particle (HCP) dosimetry in space and charged particle therapy, both challenging problems. In proton therapy, for example, the use of range shifters to create the so-called Spread-Out Bragg Peak (SOBP) in practice means that the dose at any point is deposited by particles with different energies and consequently different linear energy transfer (LET). The problem is that the relative response (luminescence efficiency) of TLDs and OSLDs varies with LET and with the particular energy distribution inside the detectors, therefore requiring corrections. The possibility of using OSLDs for precise dosimetry in proton and carbon therapy has yet to be demonstrated, although the first steps in this direction have been taken using optical fiber systems [33, 34].</div> <bR> <div> Relevant publications of the group in this area are:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">J. M. Edmund*, C. E. Andersen, S. Greilich, G. O. Sawakuchi, E. G. Yukihara, M. Jain, W. Hajdas, and S. Mattsson. "Optically stimulated luminescence from Al2O3:C irradiated with 10-60 MeV protons". Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 580, 210-213 (2007).  <a href="HTMLobj-345/Edmund_et_al__2007__Nucl_Instr_Meth_Phys_Res_A_580_210.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Optical fiber dosimetry</B></div> <bR> <div> In addition to OSLDs used as passive dosimeters, the optical readout allows the interrogation of the OSLDs using optical fibers. Prototype systems using optical fibers have been developed for real-time in-vivo dosimetry and quality assurance in radiotherapy and radiodiagnostics [35-42]. These real-time applications open a range of possibilities, taking advantage not only of common OSLD materials such as Al2O3:C, but also other materials characterized by significant fading at room temperature [43, 44].</div> <bR> <div> An optical fiber radiation sensor system consists of a probe connected to a reader via a light guide. The reader provides both the stimulation light to interrogate the radiation sensor on the tip of the probe, and the light detection capability to measure the OSL emitted by the radiation sensor. The optical fiber is attached to the reader using a standard optical fiber FC connector, allowing multiple probes to be used with the same reader, although not at the same time (with the current system).</div> <bR> <div> Another application that could benefit from such a system is the monitoring of radioactive plumes from radioactive waste storage sites, including continuous verification that remediated waste sites are not leaking. Inexpensive subsurface remote probes connected to a central station or to a portable reader could detect and quantify radioactive plumes during remediation efforts, verify the absence of radioactive materials, and provide assurance that radioactive material is not leaking from the site.</div> <div>  </div> <div> Besides application for the detection of radiological materials and contaminants, the system can also be used as a sensitive remote dosimeter for areas of difficult access or hazardous locations, such as "the ground water around nuclear storage facilities or high-radiation-level areas in and around nuclear reactors", as suggested by Huston et al. [35]. Another potential use is for on-site determination of the gamma component of the natural dose rate in soils for general environmental monitoring applications.</div> <bR> <div> Relevant publications of the group in this area are:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">D. M Klein and S. W. S. McKeever, "Optically stimulated luminescence from KBr:Eu as a near real-time dosimetry system," Radiat. Meas. 43, 883-887 (2008).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">D. M. Klein*, E. G. Yukihara, J. S. Durham, M. S. Akselrod, S. W. S. McKeever. "In-situ, long-term monitoring system for radioactive contaminants". Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 119, 421-424 (2006).  <a href="HTMLobj-346/Klein_et_al__2006__Radiat_Prot_Dosim_119_421.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">D. M. Klein, E. G. Yukihara*, E. Bulur, J. S. Durham, M. S. Akselrod, S. W. S. McKeever. "An optical fiber radiation sensor for remote detection of radiological materials". IEEE Sensors 5, 581-588 (2005).  <a href="HTMLobj-347/Klein_et_al__2005__IEEE_Sensors_5_581.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">J. C. Polf*, E. G. Yukihara, M. S. Akselrod, S. W. S. McKeever. "Real-Time Luminescence from Al2O3 Fiber Dosimeters". Radiat. Meas. 38, 227-240 (2004).  <a href="HTMLobj-348/Polf_et_al__2004__Radiat_Meas_38_227.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Environmental dosimetry</B></div> <bR> <div> OSLDs can also be used to monitor environmental dose rates due to naturally occurring radioactive nuclides in soil. This is particularly interesting for inhomogeneous environments where the nuclide distribution varies on a small scale, or for determination of the natural dose rate in luminescence dating.</div> <bR> <div> Relevant publications of the group in this area are:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">R. Kalchgruber and G. A. Wagner. <I>Separate assessment of natural beta and gamma dose rates with TL from Al</I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><I>2</I></FONT><I>O</I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><I>3</I></FONT><I>:C single crystal chips.</I> Radiat. Meas. <B>41</B> (2), 154-162 (2006).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">R. Kalchgruber, M. Fuchs, A. S. Murray and G. A. Wagner. <I>Evaluating dose-rate distributions in natural sediments using </I><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Symbol" ><I>a</I></FONT><I>Al</I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><I>2</I></FONT><I>O</I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><I>3</I></FONT><I>:C grains.</I> Radiat. Meas. <B>37</B>, 293297 (2003).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">R. Kalchgruber, H. Y. Göksu, E. Hochhäuser and G. A. Wagner. <I>Monitoring environmental dose rate using Risø TL/OSL readers with built-in sources: Recommendations for users.</I> Radiat. Meas. <B>35</B>, 585-590 (2002).</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Neutron dosimetry</B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="144d76b0.png" border=0 width="471" height="363" ALIGN="RIGHT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In spite of the successful use of the Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) technique in personal dosimetry of photons (X-ray and gamma) and beta rays, the lack of a neutron sensitive OSL dosimeter prevents the application of the technique to neutron fields, representing the main disadvantage of OSL when compared to the thermoluminescence (TL) technique [45]. Carbon-doped aluminium oxide (Al2O3:C),  considered the reference OSL material in dosimetry because of its high sensitive and optical properties, has a neutron sensitivity lower than 7LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-700) [46].</div> <bR> <div> We recently demonstrated the possibility of using neutron converters to produce new OSL dosimeters with neutron sensitivity suitable for personal dosimetry [47]. We investigated the effect of different neutron converters and the size of Al2O3:C grains on the neutron sensitivity. Based on these results, we produced a new neutron-sensitive OSL composite material identical to the one used in the LuxelTM and InLightTM dosimetry systems (Landauer Inc.), except for the lower gamma sensitivity and enhanced neutron sensitivity. The gamma and neutron sensitivity of these new materials are compared to regular Al2O3:C dosimeter (LuxelTM) and 6LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-600).</div> <bR> <div> This new OSL tape is identical to the regular Al2O3:C tape used in the LuxelTM and InLightTM badges, except for the gamma and neutron sensitivity. The gamma sensitivity was smaller (~35%) of the regular tape's sensitivity due to the decreased amount of Al2O3:C. However, the neutron response was significantly enhanced, reaching a value of ~60% of the TLD-600 neutron sensitivity.</div> <bR> <div> The new OSL dosimeters have the advantage of using the same reaction employed by the TLD-600 dosimeters, since both are based on the 6Li(n, )3H neutron capture reaction. As a result, the neutron energy response and behavior of these new OSL dosimeters should be identical to the TLD-600 dosimeter, making all results on neutron dosimetry using TLD-600 immediately applicable to the neutron sensitive OSLDs. Although this approach still requires the use of the dosimeters in albedo configuration, the vast experience gained in albedo dosimetry using TLDs can be put to use with the new OSL dosimeters, with all the advantages of the OSL technique.</div> <bR> <div> Relevant publications of the group in this area are:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">E. G. Yukihara*, J. C. Mittani, F. Vanhavere, and M. S. Akselrod. "Development of new Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) neutron dosimeters". (INVITED) Radiat. Meas. 43, 309-314 (2008).  <a href="HTMLobj-349/Yukihara_et_al__2008__Radiat_Meas_43_309.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">J. C. R. Mittani, A. A. R. da Silva, F. Vanhavere, M. S. Akselrod, and E. G. Yukihara*. "Investigation of neutron converters for production of Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) neutron dosimeters using Al2O3:C." Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B 260, 663-671 (2007).  <a href="HTMLobj-350/Mittani_et_al__2007__Nucl_Instr_Meth_Phys_Res_B_260_663.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Accident dosimetry</B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="12b2ce00.jpg" border=0 width="300" height="224" ALIGN="RIGHT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Current technologies for retrospective assessment of radiation exposure after a radiological/nuclear (R/N) event were recently the subject of a technology assessment by a Joint Interagency Working Group (JIWG), resulting in a roadmap to improve technology available to retrospectively estimate radiation dose [48]. The JIWG concluded that "presently available methods are not satisfactory for managing the medical casualties from an R/N event and there is urgent need to develop new capabilities to assess radiation dose quickly with at least moderate precision." The JIWG also stated that there is a need to develop tools that can estimate whole or near whole body radiation doses in the range of 1-8 Gy with a throughput of 1 assay every 5 minutes.</div> <bR> <div> In the OSL technique, light is used to stimulate the luminescence from materials previously exposed to ionizing radiation, the total luminescence emitted being proportional to the absorbed dose of radiation to which the material was exposed [5]. Some of the advantages offered by the OSL technique are associated with the all-optical readout process, namely: (i) optical stimulation can be controlled more easily and in a more flexible way than heating, since the stimulation intensity can be continuous, pulsed, or ramped and the stimulation wavelength can be tuned to the properties of the material [5]; (ii) measurements can be made remotely using optical fibers [35-42]; (iii) the measurements of biological material (teeth) can potentially be made in-situ, since heating is not required. In addition, further advances in the OSL technique are likely since technological advances in LED and laser light sources, making them brighter, cheaper and more compact, have been rapid and are likely to continue.</div> <bR> <div> The possibility of performing OSL measurements of dental enamel was first proposed by Godfrey-Smith and Pass [49], who observed dose-dependent IR-stimulated and green-stimulated luminescence signals in deproteinated and non-deproteinated dental enamel. That study demonstrated the feasibility of using OSL from dental enamel for radiation dosimetry using infrared stimulation and concluded that OSL can "become the first non-invasive, simple, reliable, and portable means of retrospective radiation dosimetry in humans" if the sensitivity can be improved by 2-3 orders of magnitude.</div> <bR> <div> We are investigating the OSL properties of dental enamel and the challenges for filling the technology gap in biodosimetry required for medical triage following a radiological/nuclear accident or terrorist event. The objective is to obtain information to support the development of the necessary instrumentation for retrospective dosimetry using dental enamel in laboratory, or for in situ and non-invasive accident dosimetry using dental enamel in emergency triage. OSL signal from human dental enamel was detected using blue, green, or IR stimulation. Blue/green stimulation associated with UV emission detection seems to be the most appropriate combination in the sense that there is no signal from un-irradiated samples and the shape of the OSL decay is clear. Improvements in the minimum detection level were achieved by incorporating an ellipsoidal mirror in the OSL system to maximize light collection.</div> <bR> <div> Relevant publications of the group in this area are:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">S. L. Simon, I. K. Bailiff, A. Bouville et al., "BiodosEPR-2006 consensus committee report on biodosimetric methods to evaluate radiation doses at long times after exposure," Radiat. Meas. 42, 948-971 (2007).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">E. G. Yukihara*, J. C. Mittani, S. W. S. McKeever, and S. L. Simon. "Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) of dental enamel for retrospective assessment of radiation exposure". Radiat. Meas. 42, 1256-1260 (2007).  <a href="HTMLobj-351/Yukihara_et_al__2007__Radiat_Meas_42_1256.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">V. K. Mathur*, J. H. Barkyoumb, E. G. Yukihara, and H. Y. Göksu. "Radiation Sensitivity of Memory Chip Module of an ID card". Radiat. Meas. 42, 43-48 (2007).  <a href="HTMLobj-352/Mathur_et_al__2007__Radiat_Meas_42_43.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Luminescence dating </B></div> <bR> <div> Luminescence dating uses naturally occurring OSL dosimeters such as quartz and feldspar minerals. The method determines the last sunlight exposure of mineral grains and thus the depositional age of a sedimentary layer. Latest efforst include the application of OSL dating to sediments on Mars and rock surfaces. A detailed description of the method and our OSL dating services can be found <A HREF="http://physicscourses.okstate.edu/kregina/ld.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://physicscourses.okstate.edu/kregin"><U>here</U></A>.</div> <bR> <div> Relevant publications of the group in this area are:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">C. Ankjærgaard, M. Jain, R. Kalchgruber, T. Lapp, D. Klein, S.W.S. McKeever, A.S. Murray, P. Morthekai. "Further investigations into pulsed optically stimulated luminescence from feldspars using blue and green Light". Radiat. Meas. (submitted 2008).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">A.R Simms, N. Aryal, Y. Yokoyama, H. Matsuzaki, R. DeWitt. "Insights on a Proposed Mid-Holocene Highstand along the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico from the Evolution of Small Coastal Ponds within a Semiarid Setting". Journal of Sedimentary Research (submitted 2008).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">A.R. Simms, R. Kalchgruber, A.B. Rodriguez, K. Lambeck, J.B. Anderson. "Revisiting Marine Isotope Stage 3 and 5a (MIS3-5a) Sea Levels Within the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico". Global and Planetary Change (in press, 2008). </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">A.O. Sawakuchi, R. Kalchgruber, P.C.F. Giannini, D.R. Nascimento Jr., C.C. Guedes, N.K. Umisedo. "The development of blowouts and foredunes in the Ilha Comprida barrier (Southeastern Brazil): the influence of Late Holocene climate changes on coastal sedimentation." Quaternary Science Reviews 27, 2076-2090 (2008).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">C.E. Cordova, G.O. Rollefson, R. Kalchgruber, P. Wilke, L. Quintero. "Natural and Cultural Stratigraphy of ‘Ayn as-Sawda, Azraq Wetland Reserve: 2007 Excavation Report and Discussion of Finds". Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 52 (in press, 2008).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">A. Nowell, M. Bisson, C. Cordova, R. DeWitt, J. Pokines. "Wadi Zarqa’ Ma’in, Madaba Plateau". p. 518-519 In: S.H. Savage, D.R. Keller, C.A. Tuttle, Archaeology in Jordan, 2007 Season. Amer. J. of Arch.; 112(3), 509-528 (2008).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">C.E. Cordova, A Nowell, M. Bisson, R. Kalchgruber, M. al-Nahar. "Geomorphological assessment of Middle Paleolithic sites on the Madaba Plateau". Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 51, 329-337 (2007).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">R. Kalchgruber, A. Nowell, M. Bisson, C. Cordova (2007). Wadi Zarqa’ Ma’in, Madaba Plateau. p. 536-537 In: S.H. Savage and D.R. Keller, Archaeology in Jordan, 2006 Season. Amer. J. of Arch.; 111(3), 523-574.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">R. Kalchgruber,  M. W. Blair, S. W. S. McKeever, E. R. Benton, and D. K. Reust. An innovative approach to in-situ dating of geomorphological features on Mars. Planetary and Space Science, 55, 2203-2217 (2007).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">M. W. Blair, R. Kalchgruber, and S. W. S. McKeever.  "Developing Luminescence Dating for Extraterrestrial Applications: Characterization of Martian Simulants and Minerals". Radiat. Meas. 42, 392-399 (2007).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">R. Kalchgruber, M. W. Blair, and S. W. S. McKeever. "Dose Recovery with Plagioclase and Pyroxene Samples as Surrogates for Martian Surface Sediments". Radiat. Meas. 41, 762-767 (2006).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">M. Bisson, A. Nowell, C. Cordova, R. Kalchgruber." Human Evolution at the Crossroads. An Archaeological Survey in NW Jordan". Near Eastern Archaeology, 69 (2), 73-85 (2006).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">A. Nowell, M. Bisson, C. Cordova, R. Kalchgruber, M. al-Nahar. "Wadi Zarqa’ Ma’in, Madaba Plateau". p. 472-475 In: S.H. Savage and D.R. Keller, Archaeology in Jordan, 2005 Season. Amer. J. of Arch.; 110(3), 471-491 (2006).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">C.E. Cordova, J.C. Porter, K. Lepper, R. Kalchgruber, G. Scott. "Preliminary assessment of sand dune stability along a bioclimatic gradient, North-Central and Northwestern Oklahoma". Great Plains Research, 15, 227-249 (2005).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">S. W. S. McKeever, R. Kalchgruber, M. W. Blair, and S. Deo. "Development of Methods for In Situ Dating of Martian Soils". Radiat. Meas. 41, 750-754 (2006).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">M. W. Blair*, E. G. Yukihara, S. W. S. McKeever. "Progress towards a polymineral single-aliquot OSL dating procedure". Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 119, 450-453 (2006).  <a href="HTMLobj-353/Blair_et_al__2006__Radiat_Prot_Dosim_119_450.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">M. W. Blair*, E. G. Yukihara, S. W. S. McKeever. "Experiences with single-aliquot OSL procedures using coarse-grain feldspars". Radiat. Meas. 39, 361-374 (2005).  <a href="HTMLobj-359/Blair_et_al.__2005__Radiat_Meas_39_361.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">S. W. S. McKeever, R. Kalchgruber, M. W. Blair, S. Deo. <I>In-situ dating of martian sediments.</I> Radiat. Meas. (submitted, 2005)</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">C. E. Cordova, A. Nowell, M. Bisson, R. Kalchgruber. <I>Geomorphological observations on middle paleolithic sites in the upper Wadi Zarqa' Ma'in and other areas of the Madaba Plateau during the 2005 season.</I> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#111111" FACE="Arial" >Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan</FONT> (submitted, 2005).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">M. W. Blair, E. G. Yukihara, S. W. S. McKeever. <I>Progress towards a polymineral single-aliquot OSL dating procedure. </I>Radiat. Prot. Dosim. (submitted, 2004).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">M. W. Blair, E. G. Yukihara, S. W. S. McKeever. <I>A system to irradiated and measure OSL at low temperatures.</I> Radiat. Prot. Dosim. (submitted, 2004).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">R. Kalchgruber, M. W. Blair, S. W. S. McKeever. <I>Dose recovery with plagioclase and pyroxene samples as surrogates for Martian surface sediments.</I> Radiat. Meas. (in press).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">M. W. Blair, E. G. Yukihara, S. W. S. McKeever. Experiences with single-aliquot OSL procedures using coarse-grain feldspars. Radiat. Meas. <B>39</B>, 361-374 (2005).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">C. E. Cordova, J. C. Porter, K. Lepper, R. Kalchgruber, G. Scott. <I>Preliminary assessment of sand dune stability along a bioclimatic gradient, North-Central and Northwestern Oklahoma.</I> Great Plains Research <B>15</B>, 227-249 (2005).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">J.<B> </B>Habermann, T. Schilles, R. Kalchgruber and G. A. Wagner. <I>Steps towards surface dating using luminescence.</I> Radiat. Meas. <B>32</B>, 847-851 (2000).</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>New materials</B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="1337bfa0.png" border=0 width="379" height="250" ALIGN="RIGHT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">No material found use in OSL dosimetry as widespread as carbon-doped Al2O3:C, considered the standard material in the field because of its excellent OSL properties [5]. However, to extend the use of the OSL technique to other applications, new materials with OSL properties suitable for each application may be required. For example, Al2O3:C is intrinsically not sensitive to neutrons [46, 50], whereas new OSL materials containing Li or B in its structure could be enriched with 6Li and 10B isotopes, which have large cross-sections for neutron capture. Fast real-time dose assessment and imaging may require materials with shorter luminescence lifetime, whereas medical applications may require material that can be reset (bleached) more quickly to avoid long delays between the end of one measurement and the beginning of the next measurement.</div> <bR> <div> The development of alternative OSL materials has met limited success. Le Masson et al. [51] investigated thallium-doped ammonium salts, (NH4)2SiF6:Tl+, as fast neutron detectors because of its hydrogen content. Yoshimura and Yukihara [52, 53] also looked into materials ranging from MgAl2O4 spinel to aluminoborate glasses as potential OSL dosimeters. In the above cases, as well as in most of the new OSL materials, fading of the OSL signal generally caused by the contribution of shallow traps to the OSL signal seems to be the main problem, at least for applications requiring long-term stability. An exception is BeO, which has shows linear response from 10-4 to almost 102 Gy, and fading less than 1% in a 6 month period, if an initial fading of 6% that occurs in the first 30min is disregarded [54].</div> <bR> <div> We have investigated the OSL properties of various materials, e.g. terbium-doped silicates and aluminates prepared by a sintering technique, as potential new OSL dosimeters. The properties investigated are the OSL emission and stimulation spectrum, OSL dose response and sensitivity, stability of the OSL signal, and relationship between the OSL and TL signals. The results are compared to the properties of Al2O3:C.</div> <bR> <div> Relevant publications of the group in this area are:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">R. DeWitt, D. M. Klein, E. G. Yukihara et al., "Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of tooth enamel and its potential use in post-exposure triage," Health Phys. (submitted) (2008).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">J. C. Mittani, M. Prokic, and E. G. Yukihara*. "Optically stimulated luminescence and thermoluminescence of terbium-activated silicates and aluminates". Radiat. Meas. 43, 323-326 (2008).  <a href="HTMLobj-355/Mittani_et_al__2008__Radiat_Meas_43_323.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">E. M. Yoshimura* and E. G. Yukihara. "Optically Stimulated Luminescence: searching for new dosimetric materials". Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B 250, 337-341 (2006).  <a href="HTMLobj-356/Yoshimura___Yukihara__2006__Nucl_Instr_Meth_Phys_Res_B_250_337.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">E. M. Yoshimura* and E. G. Yukihara. "Optically stimulated luminescence of magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4) spinel". Radiat. Meas. 41, 163-169 (2006).  <a href="HTMLobj-357/Yoshimura___Yukihara__2005__Radiat_Meas_41_163.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Instrumentation</B></div> <bR> <div> Relevant publications of the group in this area are:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">M. W. Blair*, E. G. Yukihara, S. W. S. McKeever. "A system to irradiated and measure OSL at low temperatures". Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 119, 454-457 (2006).  <a href="HTMLobj-358/Blair_et_al__2006__Radiat_Prot_Dosim_119_454.pdf"><u>(Download PDF)</u> </a>  </div> <bR> <div> <B>TL dosimetry</B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">K. Kurt, V. Mathur, S.W.S. McKeever, P.D. Townsend and L. Valberg.  Low Temperature Radioluminescence of LiF:Mg,Cu,P  Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 119, 124-129 (2006).</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Other publications from the group:</B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">R. Gaza, E. Bulur, S.W.S. McKeever and C.G. Soares. Experimental determination of the dose deposition profile of a 90Sr beta source. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 119, 33-37 (2006).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">M. Suszynska, B. Macalik, T. M. Kowal, E. Okuno, E. M. Yoshimura, E. G. Yukihara. Radiation-Induced Effects in Soda-Lime Silicate Glasses of Different Origin. Radiat. Effects Defects Solids <B>156 </B>(1-4), 353-358 (2001).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">E. G. Yukihara, E. M. Yoshimura, E. Okuno. Paramagnetic radiation-induced defects in gamma-irradiated natural topazes. Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B 191, 266-270 (2002).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">E. G. Yukihara, S. W. S. McKeever, E. Okuno, E. Yoshimura. Characterisation of the thermally stimulated conductivity and thermoluminescence of natural topaz. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 100, 361-364 (2002).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">E. G. Yukihara, T. M. Piters, E. Okuno, R. Melendrez, E. M. Yoshimura, R. Pérez-Salas. Thermoluminescence emission spectra of gamma Irradiated Topaz [Al<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >2</FONT>SiO<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >4</FONT>(F,OH)<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >2</FONT>]. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 84, 265-268 (1999).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">E. G. Yukihara, T. M. Piters, E. Okuno, R. Melendrez, E. M. Yoshimura, R. Pérez-Salas. Thermoluminescence emission spectra of gamma Irradiated Topaz [Al<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >2</FONT>SiO<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >4</FONT>(F,OH)<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >2</FONT>]. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 84, 265-268 (1999).E. G. Yukihara, E. Okuno. On the thermoluminescent properties and behavior of Brazilian topaz. Nucl. Instrum. And Meth. In Phys. Res. B. 141, 514-517 (1998).</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.png" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">E. G. Yukihara, E. Okuno. Non-first-order thermoluminescent peaks in topaz. Radiat. Effects Defects Solids 46, 227-287 (1998).</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>REFERENCES</B></div> <bR> <div> 1.     Huntley, D.J., D.I. Godfrey-Smith, and M.L.W. Thewalt, Optical dating of sediments. Nature, 1985. 313: p. 105-107.</div> <div> 2.     Bøtter-Jensen, L., Luminescence techniques: instrumentation and methods. Radiation Measurements, 1997. 27(5/6): p. 749-768.</div> <div> 3.     Akselrod, M.S., et al., Highly sensitive thermoluminescent anion-defect   Al2O3:C single crystal detectors. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 1990. 33(1/4): p. 119-122.</div> <div> 4.     Akselrod, M.S. and S.W.S. McKeever, A radiation dosimetry method using pulsed optically stimulated luminescence. 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Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, 2007. 580: p. 210-213.</div> <div> 34.     Andersen, C.E., et al., Medical proton dosimetry using radioluminescence from aluminium oxide crystals attached to optical fiber cables. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, 2007. 580: p. 466-468.</div> <div> 35.     Huston, A.L., et al., Remote optical fiber dosimetry. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B, 2001. 184: p. 55-67.</div> <div> 36.     Ranchoux, G., et al., Fibre remove optoelectronic gamma dosimetry based on optically stimulated luminescence of Al2O3:C. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 2002. 100: p. 255-260.</div> <div> 37.     Andersen, C.E., et al., Development of optical fibre luminescence techniques for real time in vivo dosimetry in radiotherapy, in International Symposium on Standards and Codes of Practice in Medical Radiation Dosimetry. 2003, IAEA: Vienna. p. 353-360.</div> <div> 38.     Aznar, M.C., et al., Real-time optical-fibre luminescence dosimetry for radiotherapy: physical characteristics and applications in photon beams. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2004. 49: p. 1655-1669.</div> <div> 39.     Polf, J.C., et al., A real-time, fibre optic dosimetry system using Al2O3 fibres. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 2002. 100: p. 301-304.</div> <div> 40.     Polf, J.C., et al., Real-time luminescence from Al2O3 fiber dosimeters. Radiation Measurements, 2004. 38: p. 227-240.</div> <div> 41.     Gaza, R., et al., A fiber-dosimetry method based on OSL from Al2O3:C for radiotherapy applications. Radiation Measurements, 2004. 38: p. 809-812.</div> <div> 42.     Gaza, R., S.W.S. McKeever, and M.S. Akselrod, Near-real-time radiotherapy dosimetry using optically stimulated luminescence of Al2O3:C: Mathematical models and preliminary results. Medical Physics, 2005. 32(4): p. 1094-1102.</div> <div> 43.     Gaza, R. and S.W.S. McKeever, A real-time, high-resolution optical fibre dosemeter based on optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of KBr:Eu, for potential use during the radiotherapy of cancer. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 2006. 120(1-4): p. 14-19.</div> <div> 44.     Klein, D.M. and S.W.S. McKeever, Optically stimulated luminescence from KBr:Eu as a near real-time dosimetry system. Radiation Measurements, 2007: p. (in press).</div> <div> 45.     McKeever, S.W.S. and M. Moscovitch, On the advantages and disadvantages of optically stimulated luminescence dosimetry and thermoluminescence dosimetry. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 2003. 104: p. 263-270.</div> <div> 46.     Klemic, G.A., N. Azziz, and S.A. Marino, The neutron response of Al2O3:C, 7Li:Mg,Cu,P, and 7LiF:Mg,Ti TLDs. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 1996. 65(1-4): p. 221-226.</div> <div> 47.     Yukihara, E.G., et al., Development of new optically stimulated luminescence neutron dosimeters (INVITED). Radiation Measurements, 2008. 43: p. 309-314.</div> <div> 48.     Joint Interagency Working Group, Technology assessment and roadmap for the Emergency Radiation Dose Assessment Program. 2005, Department of Homeland Security.</div> <div> 49.     Godfrey-Smith, D.I. and B. Pass, A new method of retrospective radiation dosimetry: optically stimulated luminescence in dental enamel. Health Physics, 1997. 72(5): p. 744-749.</div> <div> 50.     Mittani, J.C.R., et al., Investigation of neutron converters for production of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) neutron dosimeters using Al2O3:C. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B, 2007. 260: p. 663-671.</div> <div> 51.     Le Masson, N.J.M., et al., Fast-neutron OSL sensitivity of thallium-doped ammonium salts. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 2004. 110(1-4): p. 319-323.</div> <div> 52.     Yoshimura, E.M. and E.G. Yukihara, Optically Stimulated Luminescence: searching for new dosimetric materials. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B, 2006. 250: p. 337-341.</div> <div> 53.     Yoshimura, E.M. and E.G. Yukihara, Optically stimulated luminescence of magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4) spinel. Radiation Measurements, 2006. 41: p. 163-169.</div> <div> 54.     Sommer, M. and J. Henniger, Investigation of a BeO-based optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 2006. 119(1-4): p. 394-397.</div> <bR> <bR> <div>  <script type="text/javascript"> var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? 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